а) $$\frac{15}{2a} - \frac{8}{3a} = \frac{15 \cdot 3}{2a \cdot 3} - \frac{8 \cdot 2}{3a \cdot 2} = \frac{45}{6a} - \frac{16}{6a} = \frac{45 - 16}{6a} = \frac{29}{6a}$$
б) $$\frac{x}{x-2y} - \frac{4y^2}{x^2-2xy} = \frac{x}{x-2y} - \frac{4y^2}{x(x-2y)} = \frac{x \cdot x - 4y^2}{x(x-2y)} = \frac{x^2 - 4y^2}{x(x-2y)} = \frac{(x-2y)(x+2y)}{x(x-2y)} = \frac{x+2y}{x}$$