а) $$\frac{a^2-3}{a^2} + \frac{3-a}{a^2} = \frac{a^2 - 3 + 3 - a}{a^2} = \frac{a^2 - a}{a^2} = \frac{a(a-1)}{a \cdot a} = \frac{a-1}{a}$$
б) $$\frac{x}{x-1} + \frac{x}{x+1} = \frac{x(x+1) + x(x-1)}{(x-1)(x+1)} = \frac{x^2 + x + x^2 - x}{x^2 - 1} = \frac{2x^2}{x^2 - 1}$$