Translate the Russian text to English and provide explanations for each translation.

Translation (EN)

• 1. Юности честное зерцало - The Honest Mirror of Youth. This is a title of a historical text by Tsar Peter the Great, a set of moral and behavioral guidelines for young nobles.
• 2. Табель о рангах - Table of Ranks. This was a formal list of administrative, military, and court hierarchies in the Russian Empire, established by Peter the Great.
• 3. Гильдии - Guilds. In medieval and early modern Europe, guilds were associations of artisans or merchants which oversaw the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area.
• 4. Цехи - Craft Guilds/Workshops. Similar to guilds, 'tsekh' specifically refers to a craft-based organization, often used in historical contexts.

Explanation

• 1. Юности честное зерцало: This is a direct translation of a specific historical document's title. 'Юности' means 'of youth', 'честное' means 'honest', and 'зерцало' is an archaic word for 'mirror'.
• 2. Табель о рангах: 'Табель' translates to 'table' or 'schedule', and 'о рангах' means 'of ranks'. Together, it means 'Table of Ranks'.
• 3. Гильдии: This is a direct cognate in English, referring to historical associations of merchants or artisans.
• 4. Цехи: This term is also related to historical craft organizations and is often translated as 'craft guilds' or simply 'guilds', but 'tsekh' emphasizes the craft aspect.