The user has provided an image containing a double integral with mathematical expressions. The task is to analyze and represent this mathematical expression in a structured format, likely for further processing or display.

Mathematical Expression Analysis:

The image contains a double integral with the following expression:

\[ \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{x \cdot \sin(\theta) \cdot \ln(1 + x^2 \cos^2(\theta))}{(1 + x^2 \sin^2(\theta))^{3/2}} d\theta dx \]